North Carolina panel recommends eliminating 20 of 38 wildfire aircraft

A watchdog group of the North Carolina General Assembly, the Program Evaluation Division, has recommended that the Division of Forest Resources eliminate 20 of the 38 aircraft that they use for the management of wildland and prescribed fires. The report also recommends that of the other 34 aircraft owned by the state, that 5 of them be eliminated.

Here are the recommendations about the fire-related aircraft from the 89-page report, which also covers the management of other state-owned aircraft.

Function Currently Eliminate Remaining
Fire Control (3 single-engine fixed wing, and 3 Bell UH1H helicopters) 6 2 4
Fire Patrol (single-engine fixed wing) 18 11 7
Suppression (air tankers, 1 CL215 & 4 SEATs) 5 1 4
Suppression/Rx burn 2 1 1
Transport 3 1 2
Salvage/parts 4 4 0
TOTALS 38 20 18

The Canadair CL215 air tanker has been grounded since 2008 because it needs a 5,000-hour inspection that is expected to cost $1 million. The Forest Resources staff expects that the inspection would reveal repairs that would cost an additional $500,000 to $1,000,000. The agency does not have the money for the inspection and repairs, or a pilot for the aircraft.

The other four air tankers are Single Engine Air Tankers (SEATs). Three are Melex M18A’s, and one is a Rockwell S2R.

Dromader M18B SEAT
Melex M18B Dromader

The report says, about the Division of Forest Resources’ aviation program:

According to Division of Forest Resources staff, the division has the second largest aviation fleet for forest protection in the country. However, the state is ninth in acres of forest land and experienced fewer acres of forest fires over the last three years than 16 other states. Other states use their National Guard, private companies, and resources from other states arranged through interstate compacts to fight fires.

The Division of Forest Resources, in an official response to the report, said in part:

Nationally, North Carolina ranked third, fifth, and fourth in 2007, 2008, and 2009 respectively, for the most number of wildfires in a state…. The average fire size for the 3-year time period was the third best (meaning smallest) for states that had 3,000 or more fires for each of the three years.

…

A better measure of efficiency for a wildland fire fighting aviation fleet may be to look at cost per number of fires, cost per average fire size, cost per homes protected, etc.

Senate Majority leader Martin Nesbitt is not convinced that the recommendations in the report should be followed, saying:

Thank God we don’t have forest fires all the time, but it’s kind of like if you did a study of the efficiency of fire trucks you’d find out that they’re terribly inefficient.  They sit in the firehouse most of the time but they are there when you need them.

The Division of Forest Resources has commissioned a separate study of their fire aviation program which should be completed by Conklin and de Decker by August 1, 2010. The Division asks that the General Assembly not make any decisions about reducing their fleet until that second study is complete.

Hand crews and Blackhawk pilots train in South Dakota

National Guard helicopter pilots, inmate crews, and recruits for the Bear Mountain hand crew trained with live fire in Custer State Park in the Black Hills of South Dakota on Friday. The pilots were from Guard units in South Dakota and North Dakota while the inmates were from the Department of Corrections’ Rapid City Minimum Security Unit.

Here is an excerpt from the Rapid City Journal:

Friday was the first time on the fire line for 20 members of a Department of Corrections crew. They were joined by 10 Bear Mountain crew recruits who did fire training course work online but needed the day in the field, [public information officer Beth] Hermanson said.

“They’re learning how to read fire behavior,” Hermanson said.

State fire agency trainers spent a week in the classroom at the state’s Minimum Security Unit in Rapid City training the Department of Corrections firefighters. Crew members receive 40 hours of basic wildland training.

“They’ve spent the last two days in the classroom, and now, they’re out here on the fire, actually using the skills they learned in the classroom in a practical setting,” [South Dakota Wildland Fire Coordinator Joe] Lowe said.

The crews also learned to lay hoses and operate water pumps.

And they learned to work with air support provide by the Blackhawks. While crews trained on the ground, 21 helicopter pilots were training overhead. Ten North Dakota and 11 South Dakota National Guard pilots completed the training runs they need before they can respond to fires. Each pilot had to make three runs towing a bucket filled with 660 gallons of water. Pilots are required to make three drops — mid-slope, downhill and uphill. At the same time, they must coordinate those drops with an air boss circling the drop site. The pilots must also keep in contact with the crew working below them.

The aerial support is vital to fighting fires in the Black Hills, Lowe said. “The Black Hills burns.”

Each year, Gov. Mike Rounds gives Lowe the authority to activate National Guard helicopters for firefighting.

An interagency compact between the state, U.S. Forest Service and the National Park Service also gives the state the ability to handle most fires in a fire-prone area with homes in the forest, Lowe said.

“We’re a force to be reckoned with,” Lowe said.

Military helicopter training in California

Military helicopter fire trainingEvery year in California the National Guard, Cal Fire, and the federal fire agencies get together to refresh, certify, and re-certify as needed for operating National Guard helicopters on wildland fires. This year the training was held at the Cal Fire academy at Ione, California, April 9-11.

Military helicopter fire training

The National Guard brought six helicopters, three Blackhawks and three Chinooks.

The 120 attendees spent the first day of the three-day training in classrooms and the last two days were devoted to flying, making water drops on mountain targets. In addition to certifying or re-certifying the military pilots, civilians with extensive helicopter manager experience can receive training for the Military Helicopter Manager position. New Managers fly as a trainee until they can complete all items in a Military Helicopter Managers task book. The military does the same with pilots. The chief pilot in the military does the “check ride” and signs off those pilots who are ready for the fire mission.

Military helicopter fire training

Military helicopter fire training

Thanks to  John Yount and Bob Martinez

Knife vs rotor blade

Here is the text of an Interagency Aviation Safety Alert that was issued on March 23, 2010 by the U.S. Forest Service. It describes damage to a helicopter rotor blade when someone attempted to throw a knife from inside the helicopter to someone standing nearby.  Click on it to see a larger version.
knife into helicopter rotor blade

The safety alert goes on to explain that a similar incident happened a few years ago when a second rocket scientist did the same thing with a set of keys. The document ends with this:

priceless

New helicopter bucket incorporates gel reservoir

Two companies have collaborated to develop a helicopter water bucket that incorporates a gel-mixing system. The bucket has an electric pump in the bottom that can fill the bucket with water from a water source that is only 12 inches deep. As the bucket fills, the gel, which is stored in a bag inside the bucket, is pumped into the inbound water flow, below the pump.  Both the water and gel are drawn through the pump’s impeller, thoroughly mixing the gel into the water.

This system can eliminate the need to set up a separate tank and gel mixing operation to fill helicopter buckets.

Multiple sizes of gel bags are available, 15-90 gallons, such that at common mixture ratios (1%) the system can inject gel for a full fuel cycle (15-20 drops).

The system was developed by Thermo-Gel, which is a supporter of Wildfire Today, and Absolute Fire Solutions.

Gel bag
The gel bag, which comes in capacities from 15 to 90 gallons.
water and gel pump
The pump in the bottom of the bucket injects and mixes gel as it pumps water into the bucket.

Helicopter with bucket

An internal tank for military helicopters

Chinook internal water tank
Artist's depiction of a Ch-47 Chinook with an internal tank dropping on a fire.

A California man who owns two drag racing teams has designed and built some internal tanks for military helicopters. As we wrote on Wildfire Today on January 3 when discussing the tilt-rotor Osprey aircraft, the CH-46E Sea Knight and CH-53

CH-53 dropping on a fire
A CH-53 Super Stallion drops on a fire on Camp Pendleton in California, July, 2007.

Super Stallion helicopters operated by the Marine Corps have been used on fires in California since 2007 during periods when Cal Fire is unable to handle the fires with their own aerial assets. These helicopters transport water to the fire in an external bucket, but since buckets occasionally are accidentally released or otherwise fall from helicopters, there are restrictions on carrying the external loads over roads or populated areas. Internal tanks are considered to be more safe than external loads if there is a concern about dropping a 2,000-gallon tank on people.

Concerned about the external load safety issue, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Cal Fire, contacted Tom Jaroszek of Merced, California, who owns TMR Fabrications and two drag racing teams. Mr. Jaroszek agreed to design and build an internal tank for the CH-47 and CH-53 at no cost to Cal Fire with the understanding that the agency would then use them on an emergency rental agreement if needed for fire suppression.

Someone familiar with the internal tank who has no financial association with TMR Fabrications sent us the article below describing the project:

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Helitack firefighters dancing

Helitack firefighters with a lot of time on their hands have made another video.

Update March 31, 2010:
The video has been removed by YouTube. As it says there:

This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Christopher Teter BLM/Forest Service.

Copyright claim, huh? 🙂

And, just in case even the cover shot disappears from YouTube, here is a screen grab:

Dancing helitack

via @ENeitzel

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UPDATE: March 5, 2010

Casey let us know that the video has reappeared on LiveLeak. We are embedding it here for your viewing pleasure.

I like the shot of the Sky Crane dipping in the background, surrounded by mist. You can judge for yourself which version of Poker Face you like better. This one, or Lady Gaga’s. Thankfully, the firefighters were not dressed like the people in Lady Gaga’s video.

Mark Twain NF igniting 7,000-acre prescribed fire today

The Mark Twain National Forest is igniting the 6,971-acre Brush Creek and Clayton Ridge prescribed fire today. The project is in southwest Missouri, about 15 miles southwest of Ava. Much of it will be lit with Redding Air Service‘s helicopter 57Z, a Bell 206 L4.

Brush Creek and Clayton Ridge project map
The Brush Creek and Clayton Ridge project is shown in red. USFS map.

Here is a link to a more detailed map.

The objectives of the project are to maintain and improve glade and savanna ecosystems by prescribed burning every three to five years. Encroaching eastern red cedars are removed mechanically by USFS personnel.

This is a huge prescribed fire. Does anyone know of any other large prescribed fires recently completed or planned in the near future, say, larger than 3,000 acres?

Report released on USFS rappelling fatality

Thomas Marovich died on July 21, 2009 when he fell while performing routine helicopter rappelling proficiency training while assigned to the Backbone fire near Willow Creek, California. On October 2, 2009 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued “serious” and “willful” violation notices to the U. S. Forest Service for the incident.

The USFS has just released their Preliminary Aircraft Accident Investigation Report which was completed on October 19, 2009, and a Safety Action Plan dated February 1, 2010. The report is 63 pages long, but I will mention a few of the key points. [UPDATE 9-13-2011; the Lessons Learned Center removed the two reports from their site at the direction of the U. S. Forest Service, who said they were not intended to be released to the public. They replaced the two reports with the National Transportation Safety Board narrative.]

A proficiency rappel is required every 14 days to maintain technical competency. Marovich was in his first season rappelling and was about to make his 11th rappel.

Before the rappelling training, Marovich noticed that the Kong clip on his Tri-link was broken. The Kong Clip is used to center the “J” hook at the forward corner of the Tri-link. It is a nice piece of equipment to have, but is not essential. Kong clips are prone to breaking and are not popular. He sought assistance from a spotter trainee who replaced the Kong clip with an “O” ring, which was an authorized substitution. If I interpreted the report correctly, the “O” ring was installed incorrectly.

Here are some photos from the report showing for illustration purposes examples of a correct and then an incorrect installation of an “O” ring on a Tri-link.

O Ring, correctly installed
“J” hook, Tri-link, and an “O” Ring, correctly installed. USFS photo.
O ring, incorrect
“J” hook, Tri-link, and an “O” Ring, incorrectly installed. USFS photo.
Rappelling rigs
Three different equipment rigging set ups. The top set up is rigged correctly using a Kong clip. The middle set up is rigged correctly using an O-ring. The bottom set up is rigged improperly using an O-ring. USFS photo.

Before the rappelling attempt, four people looked at or inspected Marovich’s rappelling gear: the spotter trainee who installed the “O” ring, Marovich, and in the helicopter a spotter, and another helitack crewperson who did a “buddy check”.

Rappellers just before accident
This photo was taken seconds before Marovich fell, unarrested. He is on the left side.

Marovich fell, unarrested, shortly after stepping out onto the helicopter skid. He was pronounced deceased about 30 minutes later.

The Human Factors section of the report, beginning on page 33, is particularly interesting. Written by Jim Saveland and Ivan Pupulidy, it discusses, along with other issues, the concept of not seeing elements in our visual field, or “blindness”.

Below are some quotes from that section:

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