Weaving Palawa knowledge with Western science

Fire, in its essence, is about connecting people with place, past with future, ground to air. The 8th International Fire Behaviour and Fuels conference began today in Hobart, Tasmania with a Welcome to Country from Trawlwoolway man Todd Sculthorpe, who asked everyone to think about knowledge that respects and understands fire. Here is his Welcome to the 470 delegates.

Ya pulingina, hello and welcome.

My name is Todd Sculthorpe. I stand before you as a proud Trawlwoolway man, carrying a lineage that stretches back through my ancestors to Fanny Cochrane-Smith, and her parents Tanganutra and Nicerminic and their parents and so on. Their lives, their resilience, and their deep relationship with Country live on in me, and it is with that good spirit and with deep respect that I welcome you all here today to Nipaluna, Hobart.

This land was traditionally the lands of the Muwinina people, they cared for this country nestled between the feet of Kunanyi/Mt Wellington and the shores of Timtumili Minanya/the River Derwent. From as far down the southeastern coast to the Kingborough region and as far north as the Derwent valley they cared for country, introduced vital life-giving burning that has shaped this landscape. As a community we feel their absence deeply because with them went generations of cultural knowledge and a deep relationship with country. But they will not be forgotten by us the Palawa community and because of that they will continue to live on in our hearts and our intentions to respect and care for country.

I pay respects to my community the Palawa people, the Tasmanian Aboriginal community, as the enduring custodians of this land Lutruwita. I pay my respects to our Elders past and present and to those that did not survive the impacts of invasion. I extend that respect to any first nations people here today, to your elders and families and all delegates and presenters.

You have come here as fire practitioners, scientists, land managers, thinkers, and knowledge holders from across the world. You have come to talk about fire, its behaviour, its fuels, its risks, its science. But here, on this island, fire is more than a phenomenon to be studied. It is a relationship. It is a language. It is a practice of care.

For Palawa people, fire has always been part of how we understand and live with Country. It is not something separate from us, it is something we move with, something we listen to, something we carry responsibility for.

When we speak about cultural burning, we are not simply speaking about a technique or a management strategy. We are speaking about a way of seeing the world, where fire is guided by knowledge passed down over tens of thousands of years. Knowledge built through observation, through story, through practice, and through deep, enduring connection.

Fire, in this sense, is not destructive. It is regenerative. It is purposeful. It is relational.

It clears, but it also reveals.

It burns, but it also heals.

It transforms, but it also connects.

And importantly, it is never applied in isolation, it is always part of a broader understanding of Country: the seasons, the winds, the animals, the plants, and the people.

In Lutruwita, our ancestors used fire carefully and intentionally. They read the landscape in ways that science is still catching up to, understanding when to burn, where to burn, and when to let Country rest. These practices shaped ecosystems over tens of thousands of years, creating mosaics of vegetation that greatly reduced the risk and intensity of wildfires and supported biodiversity.

Today, many of the landscapes you study, many of the fuel loads you model, are the result of disrupted relationships with fire. When cultural burning was interrupted, when people were removed from Country, fire did not disappear. It changed. It built up. It became something more dangerous, more unpredictable. And we have seen the impact of this not just here in Lutruwita and not just in Australia but globally.

And that brings me to where we find ourselves now.

We are living in a time where fire is increasingly framed as a global crisis. We see it in the headlines, megafires, unprecedented seasons, landscapes burning with an intensity and scale that challenges our systems and our understanding.

But perhaps what we are really seeing is not just a fire problem, but a relationship problem.

A disconnection.

A forgetting.

A loss of balance between people, fire, and Country.

If I can offer a metaphor, think of the world right now as a landscape carrying a heavy fuel load. Not just physical fuels, but social, political, and environmental tensions. Climate change, biodiversity loss, inequality, conflict, all of these are like dry tinder accumulating over time.

And when the right, or perhaps we should say the wrong, conditions come together, those tensions can ignite. Sometimes slowly, sometimes suddenly. Sometimes in ways we expect, and often in ways we don’t.

We are living in a time of unpredictable ignition.

And just like wildfire, once something starts, it can spread rapidly, crossing boundaries, overwhelming systems, and challenging our ability to respond.

But we know, from fire, that unpredictability does not mean uncontrollability.

It means we need deeper understanding.

It means we need better relationships.

It means we need to pay attention to the conditions we are creating.

And that is why conferences like this matter.

Because just as fire moves across landscapes, knowledge must move across communities.

You have come together here, from different countries, disciplines, and perspectives, to share what you know. To respectfully challenge each other. To learn. To innovate.

And in that coming together, there is great strength.

But I would encourage you to think about this not just as an exchange of information, but as an opportunity to build relationships, relationships with each other, and relationships with the places you work.

Because knowledge without relationship can only take us so far.

Todd Sculthorpe, Aboriginal Trawlwoolway man from Tasmania, welcoming delegates to the 2026 International Fire Behaviour and Fuels conference.

Cultural burning teaches us that the most important question is not just “How do we burn?” but “Why do we burn?” and “Who are we in relation to this place?”

It asks us to slow down.

To observe.

To listen.

To be guided, not just by data, but by responsibility.

And it reminds us that fire is not just a tool, it is a teacher.

Here in Lutruwita, we are in a time of renewal. There is a growing recognition of the importance of cultural burning practices, and a re-emergence of Aboriginal leadership in caring for Country. But this work is not about going backwards, it is about bringing together knowledge systems.

To offer another cultural analogy,

It is about weaving.

Weaving together Palawa knowledge and Western science.

Weaving together long-term observation and modern technology.

Weaving together community, policy, and practice.

And like any weaving, it requires care, patience, and respect.

Because not all threads are the same.

Not all knowledge is held in the same way.

And not all voices have been equally heard.

So as you move through this conference, I invite you to think about what you are contributing to that weave.

What knowledge are you bringing?

What knowledge are you open to receiving?

And how are you ensuring that the relationships you build here are grounded in respect and reciprocity?

Because the challenges we face, whether they are wildfires, climate change, or broader global uncertainties, cannot be addressed by any one group alone.

They require collective effort.

They require humility.

They require us to recognise that no single system of knowledge holds all the answers.

Fire, in its essence, is about connection.

It connects the ground to the air.

It connects the past to the future.

It connects people to place.

And in many ways, this conference is a fire in itself, a coming together of energy (physical and intellectual) and potential.

So, my question or my challenge if you will indulge me is, what will you do with that energy?

Will it burn quickly and fade?

Or will it be tended carefully, like a cultural burn, creating space for new growth, strengthening connections, and leaving the landscape healthier than before?

That choice sits with all of us.

Before I close, I want to return to where I began, with my ancestors.

Fanny Cochrane, Tanganutra, Nicerminic.

They lived through times of immense change, upheaval, and loss. They witnessed the disruption of Country and culture in ways that are difficult to fully comprehend. And yet, through them, knowledge endured.

Connection endured.

Responsibility endured.

I stand here because of that endurance.

And I speak to you today with that same sense of responsibility, to ensure that what we pass on to future generations is not a landscape of crisis, but a landscape of care and of respect.

A landscape where fire is understood, respected, and used wisely.

A landscape where knowledge is shared, not siloed.

A landscape where people come together, not just in times of emergency, but in ongoing relationship.

So in that spirit of care and respect, I welcome you to Nipaluna.

I welcome you to Lutruwita.

I welcome you to this gathering.

May your time here be meaningful.

May your conversations be respectful.

May your learning be deep.

And may the knowledge you carry forward help create a better, more balanced relationship with fire and with the world we all share.

Nayri nina-tu (thank you).

Canadian First Nations’ diesel dependance offers transitional opportunity for wildfire reductions

Around 200,000 people in Canada live in diesel-dependent communities, most of whom are Indigenous and face major challenges. A new report claims that a transition to a more environmentally friendly fuel source could also reduce their wildfire risk.

The recent paper, published in the Communications Earth & Environment journal, identified dual benefits if Canada’s First Nations transitioned away from diesel fuels to “fire-smart” fuels.

Around 70% of the Indigenous communities within the country are off Canada’s electricity grid and are dependent on diesel-powered generators as their main sources of both power and heat, causing energy insecurity problems and worsening climate change.

“Diesel-dependent remote communities pay approximately 2–6 times more for energy…than the average Canadian, even with subsidies,” the report said. “Since 2017, the Government of Canada, has supported over one hundred clean energy projects, including bioenergy via its Clean Energy for Rural and Remote Communities program and many fire-prone communities have expressed the need to integrate local biomass management with wildland fire management plans.”

“They found that 30 of the 33 communities could meet their annual energy needs by harvesting less than 1% of their local biomass.”

The researchers identified 33 diesel-dependent communities at high wildfire risk due to the accumulation of flammable forest fuels. They found that 30 of the 33 communities could meet their annual energy needs by harvesting less than 1% of their local biomass. If communities made such a transition from diesel to wood-based bioenergy, the researchers said their energy insecurity issues and wildfire risk would be greatly reduced.

Canadian Forest Service Landscape Restoration Researcher Nicolas Mansuy told WildfireToday that there are numerous barriers for diesel-dependent communities that want to transition to new energy sources, including:

  • Infrastructure and logistics constraints
  • Technical capacity and skilled labor
  • Long-term funding and operational support
  • Policy and regulatory barriers
  • Community readiness and energy planning gaps
  • Lack of reliable and localized data

The nation’s Clean Energy for Rural and Remote Communities program, however, can help expand the transition, according to Mansuy. The program already supports bioenergy projects and encourages communities to use local feedstocks from local forest management, salvage logging, and fuel treatments.

The study claims to be the first Canada-wide assessment of potential biomass extraction for bioenergy and wildfire risk mitigation.

“Although we conducted the analysis on a limited number of off-grid communities, our findings clearly demonstrate that remote off-grid communities, which are predominantly Indigenous, face the dual threats of wildfire and energy insecurity,” the researchers said. “Given the growing wildfire risk and the need for energy security in Indigenous communities, Indigenous leadership, and collaboration with wildland fire agencies, are essential for developing integrated fuel management strategies and identifying synergies with the bioenergy sector.”

Click here to read the full study.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02313-1

Indigenous knowledge to be used in future Australian bushfire research

Australia’s National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee (NAIDOC) Week started on July 7 with a commitment from bushfire researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Canberra City.

The university has previously published numerous articles of landmark research on bushfires, including creating the world’s first extreme bushfire warning system, developing the first fire-retardant paint that passes the stringent BAL-40 test, and studying the long-lasting impacts of Australia’s “Black Summer” Bushfires.

University researchers have made a new commitment to future bushfire projects, vowing to incorporate more Indigenous practices.

“UNSW Canberra researchers are working to better incorporate Indigenous practices and understandings of fire in bushfire management, to better prepare for an increasingly uncertain future thanks to climate change,” a press release from the university said.

Similar to the practices of various Native American tribes, fire played an intrinsic role in the lives of Australia’s Indigenous communities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for countless generations, and is still in use today.

Small controlled fires help them hunt, clear pathways through bush, and regenerate vegetation, according to The Nature Conservancy. “Cool Burns” have recently made a comeback after centuries of Euro-Australian suppression diminished the practice, caused by early colonizers’ view of fire as only a threat rather than a land-management practice. The loss of managed fire on Australia’s landscape, along with climate change, is a direct contributor to the severe bushfires that have burned the country since.

UNSW Bushfire Director Jason Sharples, a member of the Aboriginal Bundjalung people, said Indigenous fire knowledge adds needed depth to modern bushfire research.

“Local Indigenous people would know the land was ready for a burn when certain environmental indicators aligned, for example, when wattle flowers fell and when certain cloud formations were observed over prominent mountains,” Sharples said.

“Essentially, Country told them the right time to burn, and the people would offer fire as a gift back to Country. From a Western scientific perspective, this aligns with selecting the correct season based on the native flora, and only burning on a day when temperature and relative humidity conditions are within an acceptable range, as indicated by the cloud formations.”

UNSW is already working on two projects with the commitment to Indigenous practices in mind. One of the projects is studying how ridgelines, which correspond closely with Indigenous Songlines, cause unique wind patterns and influence fire spread. The other project compares modern bushfire regimes in southeast Australia with traditional fire regimes, Indigenous calendars, and cultural fire lore to better understand how climate change will affect future bushfires.

The university’s commitment pairs well with this year’s NAIDOC theme: “Keep the Fire Burning! Blak, Loud and Proud.” The theme conveys the strength and vitality of the nation’s Indigenous cultures which have stayed alive for generations despite historic and ongoing oppression and persecution.

“NAIDOC Week is a good opportunity to remind ourselves of the importance of promoting the cultural practices and learnings of Indigenous Australians and this will remain central to the work we do within UNSW Bushfire,” Sharples said.