Almeda Aftermath: the impact of an Oregon wildfire

By Jennie Englund

The Ashland Pond, a riparian area at the foot of Southern Oregon’s Cascade and Siskiyou mountains, was just waking up on the morning of September 8, 2020. Red-wing blackbirds’ throats warmed in the rust-colored wind, and a family of otters slid over the dry bank to find food. The creatures were oblivious to the Red Flag warning issued by the National Weather Service.

This article is first published in Wildfire Magazine – read the full edition.

High winds and heat, and low humidity prompted critical fire conditions. But should an extreme weather event occur, the local fire service couldn’t count on help to protect the pond — or anything in the two districts of 45,000 citizens. Already, 2,000 structural firefighters from 179 agencies were responding to five megafires and a dozen others around the state. No extra resources were available.

The day fell on a C-shift for Jackson County Fire District 5. My husband, Dave, an engineer, had moved up to the captain’s seat. Around 11 am, when a grass fire was called in near the pond, three blocks from our house, he was immediately concerned.

“This is gonna go big,” Dave told his crew as they drove toward the point of origin. He read the smoke column: gusts lay it down, pushing hard with the potential to move it fast and far.

While I knew Dave would prioritize safety, I also knew he’d give everything to saving the people and property he was called on to protect. This was his community, where our kids rode bikes and went to school, where our friends lived, where, for decades, he had immobilized broken femurs, defibrillated cardiac patients, treated diabetic complications, and started IVs. Dave knew every street, every address in the urban and rural areas of our agriculturally rich region. He was no stranger to swift water and ropes rescue, to motor vehicle incidents, to grass and structure fires.

For 33 hours, Dave worked the Almeda Fire. Sustained 40 mph winds fueled flames through nine miles of the Bear Creek corridor’s cottonweed, poplar, and blackberry bushes. More than 3000 structures burned. Three lives were lost.

Almeda became Oregon’s most destructive wildfire in recorded history.

When the big blazes were finally out, Dave came home – grit in the lines around his sad eyes, in his knuckles, under his nails.

“We all worked hard,” he half-answered my attempt to gauge how hard he’d worked, the extent of what he’d been through.

The bottoms of his feet were bruised, his shins splinted, he told me when I pressed, and he “pulled a lot of hose.” That meant he worked his tail off.

 “I brought you a present.” Dave lined four perfect peaches on our kitchen table. Then, he went to bed.

He slept for a couple of hours. When he got up, he said things like “Colver Road.” And “Mobile Estates.”

Were these places that didn’t make it? I minimized my questions. The more I ask, I told myself, the less he’ll be able to process his own thoughts.

A No Vacancy sign sagged over the wreckage of an RV park. The 2020 Almeda fire was Oregon’s most destructive wildfire. Photo: Jennie Englund.

As the day went on, Dave was quieter, more withdrawn.

“What did you save?” I did ask, because the answer was a lot, and I wanted him to see it –  the proof was right there on aerial footage on TV. But he didn’t see it; he saw what he didn’t save, what he held himself responsible for not saving.

Five heavy days later, the sky was orange, and Ashland’s air quality was 495 – hazardous – from the Labor Day weekend fires, Oregon’s historically deadliest and most devastating.

It was Dave’s 49th birthday; he’d taken off the shift during vacation-bidding rounds nearly a year before.

“Wanna go on a drive?” he asked. The offer was a trip to his station to wash Almeda from his turnouts.

I took it.

Colver Road. He wanted me to see it, I didn’t know why. Was it an exceptionally hard loss? Homes he had responded to? Citizens he knew?

On the way to the station, Dave was required to show his badge at checkpoints and roadblocks staffed by the National Guard and the Department of Transportation.

 “It’s still a crime scene,” he told me. “It could’ve been arson. No one’s been arrested yet. They’re preventing looting, too.”

Police and sheriff vehicles wove through empty streets.

We drove past mounds of melted metal, rubble and soot. The fire ate up bike shops, auto repair, a Burger King; it swallowed half of one of the fire department’s stations. Custom homes, rentals, middle-class and working-class neighborhoods were flattened.

The sign sagged over the wreckage of an RV park that seemed to have never existed. “No Vacancy.”

Up the road, skeletal staircases climbed to nothing. A hunched man watered his fence. Just in case.

“Some people stayed here, they never left,” Dave sighed. “They’re still here.”

By the Minute Market, Urban Search and Rescue (USR) teams stood out in their white helmets, puffy suits against the gray wreckage around them.

“Body count,” Dave said.

I felt like telling him, ‘They don’t belong here,’ but I didn’t belong there either.

“Colver Road,” Dave repeated.

We couldn’t get in; the street was barricaded. I wouldn’t see what he wanted me to.

Along Highway 99, water was being restored. Utility crews pulled power lines from wreckage, re-strung them between poles in the haze.

“The bees made it!” Dave was uncharacteristically ecstatic about a Hymenoptera swarm. He took a picture – proof of life.

At the station, as Dave put in his laundry, I watched a relief crew from Portland hosed off their rigs.

“They came from the Obenchain Fire,” a District 5 captain explained. “You wash off where you came from; you leave that dirt behind.”

A half-eaten breakfast burrito wilted on the station counter. I sat at the kitchen table with the guys I’d known for almost 20 years – C-shift – Dave’s shift, back on duty. And yet, I didn’t know them anymore. The fire changed them.

One guy in particular looked really worked over. A weightlifter who coached his kids’ baseball teams, I’d never seen him like this – beat down.

“Have you slept?” I asked, and though he said yes, I could tell it wasn’t true. Adrenaline, nightmares, and physical pain would make sleep impossible for a while.

“This looks like actual food!” An engineer, giddy over a donated salad, grabbed a box and joined the crew at the table: another engineer, two captains, a few firefighters, and a seasonal hire who’d gotten more than he’d signed up for.

Help had finally come. Out-of-area strike teams helped mop up hot spots. A crew from the northern part of the state helped run District 5’s calls — to cardiac arrest, nosebleed. A visiting officer vacuumed. Another rolled up an American flag.

The table talk was of cats — some missing, others found. And then, talk of blisters. Bruises.

Not all a firefighter’s wounds, I reminded myself, are visible. Some of these lives wouldn’t seamlessly continue. Things could fall apart – marriages, knees, health, community, even the department itself. No one was immune to the trauma, displacement, and physical, emotional and financial stress. The what ifs – terror, regret, blame, and grief – could stack like the coolers around the station.

Those coolers crammed the kitchen, the patio, the barbecue area; they covered counters and floors, leaning against every wall, spilling out toward the bay. Folks had brought them, with cookies and cards, candies and baskets, bell peppers from their gardens – how, with the road closures?

The coolers had stayed behind — boxy, burdensome, empty. Lurking. Unsettlingly permanent.

“No resources . . .” The talk of blisters and bruises prompted more about the fire.

“That was nonstop!”

 “Those blackberry bushes . . . ” “Colver Road . . . ”

“My feet hurt so bad!”

“How’d you get your boots to dry out?” “No resources . . . ”

“Where’s your family staying?” “The baby’s off his schedule.”

“Do you think you’ll move back when it’s rebuilt?”

Where’s Dave? I wondered. I should leave the station to the crew, let them grieve and heal together, I thought. The crew was finally able to eat fresh food, to get off their feet, and I was as out of place as the USR team – all white suit, moon boots.

Thankfully, Dave walked in. “On the drive here,” he told C-shift, he’d thought about the houses they’d saved in the past. “Once, we put out those house fires, now it’s all for nothing.”

Heads nodded in unison. “Well, let’s go,” Dave told me.

It was hard to know what I should say to the crew. I said the only thing I knew. “Look for the flowers. They’ll come back; I saw them last spring after Paradise.”

The crew knew Paradise, the site of the Camp Fire – California’s deadliest and most destructive wildfire. The blaze ignited less than two years before, only three and a half hours south.

The worked-over guy’s hope surprised me. “Really?” he asked. He wanted it to be true.

“Wild roses, hollyhock, poppies,” I promised.

A few months before Almeda kindled, I had stopped in Paradise on my way back to Oregon from Chico. I hoped to see recovery efforts and share them with the fire officer academy recruits I taught.

“Rebuilding the Ridge,” Paradise’s welcome sign pledged. An impeccable Taco Bell perched on perfect pavement beyond a patch of dirt. A few new frames dotted flattened neighborhoods. Family camps cropped up under skeletal pines. The town had a long way to go.

But the fire hadn’t stopped spring’s arrival. Pinks, purples, yellows, reds pushed through char. Peony, snap pea, lilac, butterfly bush – I tucked the blooms in my memory.

In the hours, days, weeks, months after Almeda, crews reviewed, debriefed, detoxed, wrote reports, restored vehicles and equipment; they were offered physical examinations, peer support, equine therapy, massage therapy, cryo-therapy, meals, thank-you notes.

The cumbersome coolers were returned one by one to their owners, and the station’s counters became clear again, the stacks on the patio and against walls shrinking little by little.

Spring was months away. But it would come. In an extraordinary occurrence, Willamette daisies – pink, purple, white – would ring the Ashland Pond.

Jennie Englund is an award-winning author and veteran teacher whose work has appeared in literary magazines and news outlets. A Harvard Global Studies scholar in climate and culture, Englund is a National Endowment for the Humanities fellow and a Vashon Artist Resident alum. Englund’s memoir, Sap-Souled: A Personal History on Lake Tahoe, is forthcoming.

The 2020 Almeda, Oregon fire ate up bike shops, an auto repair business, a Burger King, half of one of the fire department’s stations. Neighborhoods were flattened. Photo: Jennie Englund.

Mental health and well-being: IAWF position statement

By Rich McCrea

The International Association of Wildland Fire has committed to promoting health and wellbeing for wildland fire practitioners, their families and support communities.

The IAWF board has released a position paper Health & Wellbeing in the Wildland Fire Sector, which outlines actions the association will take to ensure everyone involved in the wildland fire sector is aware of mental health challenges and the available support.

The paper outlines the challenges fire practitioners often face, including remote work locations, long assignments, and extended work hours, which contribute to fatigue and high rates of stress, trauma, physical and mental injury.

This article originally appeared in Wildfire magazine, Issue 3 2025.

According to the paper, research indicates that wildland fire practitioners are often repeated victims of direct physical, mental, psychosocial impacts, and injuries. Health and wellbeing can be improved through medical treatments as well as cultural, social, and environmental interventions, the paper says.

The paper defines health and wellbeing in the broadest terms to include cultural, social, social, ecological, physical, mental, and professional wellbeing. In the paper, the term wildland fire practitioners refers broadly to wildland fire managers, firefighters, dispatchers, aviators, land managers, scientists, agency, non-government personnel, volunteers, and contractors.

The paper, which was accepted and endorsed by the IAWF board, was written for the association by members of the diversity and inclusivity committee Phillipa McCormack, DaRon Shavers, and David Riera.

“In publishing this position paper, the IAWF has acknowledged the importance of mental health and wellbeing for the global wildland fire community,” McCormack says.

“Some health and wellbeing considerations for this [wildland fire] community are unique, but many are shared with other emergency and land management sectors, and their families and supporters. We hope that this position paper starts – and helps to maintain – critically important conversations about health and wellbeing across the sector and around the world.”

The IAWF officially launched the paper at the 18th International Wildland Fire Safety Summit and 7th Human Dimensions of Wildland Fire Conference in Calgary, Alberta, in October 2025.

IAWF president Trevor Howard notes that all roles within the wildland fire sector are demanding.

“As climate and fire regimes change, so too will the operational tempo and effects,” Howard said. “While individual, cultural and organizational approaches to wellbeing vary, fundamentally people matter. This paper is a call to action at every level.”

IMPACTS OF WILDLAND FIRE

The paper highlights key research findings about mental health among wildland fire practitioners and recommends actions (see pages 19 and 20) for improving health and wellbeing in the wildland fire sector, joining global efforts for urgent change.

Already, the IAWF advocates for positive health and wellbeing by supporting efforts to influence governments, employers, and policymakers to implement practices that align with increased health and wellbeing among wildland fire practitioners.

The position paper notes that there are many direct and indirect impacts of wildland fire fighting on aspects of health and wellbeing. During fire assignments fire practitioners may be repeatedly exposed to sleep deprivation, job stress, high outdoor temperatures, environmental hazards of rugged terrain, and extreme fire behavior. Impacts on wellbeing can include mental, emotional, cultural and psychosocial stress and injuries from fire, smoke, and heat.

The paper also points to research that indicates employment in wildland fire can limit the availability of alternative job prospects because of the operational tempo of deployments or chronic fire-related injuries. Stress from fire assignments may trigger relationship breakdowns linked to post-traumatic stress and substance abuse. Financial and economic consequences sometimes arise, such as lost work time resulting from injuries, and long-term expenses associated with gradual health impacts.

According to the paper, cultural impacts of working in the wildland fire sector can include systemic harm from culturally unsafe workplaces and environments – conditions that harm First Nations’ and culturally and linguistically diverse peoples’ cultural, spiritual, emotional and physical health. Research cited in the paper shows that wildland fires can have various effects on communities, including evacuations, loss of homes, property, significant sites, aspects of culture, social connections, and livelihoods, which impact health and wellbeing of residents and fire practitioners.

PATHWAYS FOR CHANGE

The paper indicates that health and wellbeing in the wildland fire sector can be improved through coordinated efforts at individual, workplace, and systemic levels, and provides examples of tools in each category.

• Pathways and actions to enhance health and wellbeing start with individual responsibility for health, fitness, readiness, recovery and resilience, action plans, and peer-to-peer mentoring.

• Workplace pathways can include cultural competency and cultural safety training, along with mandatory emotional intelligence programs for team leaders.

• Systemic actions may include researching and identifying pathways for reform to legislation, regulations and policy. People will only be able to use these tools and mechanisms if the financial, emotional and cultural barriers to accessing and using them are removed.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

The paper points out that research on wildland fire practitioners’ health is limited, particularly around long term risks such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Limited research may be due to fire practitioners rarely seeking help, particularly for mental health, despite facing significant physical and psychological stress. According to the paper and previous research, organizational culture and fear of appearing weak contribute to reluctance, leading to issues such as substance abuse, burnout, and disproportionately higher suicide rates among people who work in the wildland fire sector.

The mental-health paper references previous IAWF position papers on climate change and prescribed fire, and notes that climate change is another important factor impacting wildland fire practitioners. Wildfires are becoming larger, more frequent and destructive, in large part due to climate change. Climate change is increasing the length and severity of fire seasons, which will require fire crews to be on call or deployed for longer periods during the fire season. According to the climate-change paper, these long deployments “reduce the time that wildland fire practitioners have to rest, recover and heal from long and intense fire campaigns.” Climate change worsens health risks, with wildfire smoke increasingly aggravating conditions like asthma and lung disease.

Related Wildfire Today article: Mental health risks for wildland firefighters mostly not studied

CALL TO ACTION

The IAWF Position Statement: Health and Wellbeing in the Wildland Fire Sector is a call to action for organizations that employ wildland fire practitioners to encourage them to take steps to increase health and wellbeing. The paper notes a need for these entities to “commit substantial resources and make a sustained effort to provide health-related education, training and other interventions to contribute enhanced wellbeing, greater resilience, and long term support for those experiencing injury and trauma.

“Existing efforts have not consistently and successfully mitigated the harm experienced by many people and communities in the wildland fire sector,” the paper says. “As climate changes and wildfire events expand in their scale, scope and duration, these are challenges that the IAWF have identified as critically important and worthy of greater commitment and effort.”

Fire practitioners and agencies often encounter financial, emotional and cultural barriers when working to improve health and wellbeing. Removing these obstacles and ensuring practical access to resources is essential for improving outcomes in the wildland fire sector.

The paper explains the IAWF’s vision, “to seek and promote and contribute to the mental, cultural, physical, and emotional safety of wildland fire practitioners worldwide; and to foster meaningful connections within and across wildland fire practitioner communities, to help build resilience and sustain health and wellbeing.”

The IAWF is committed to promoting opportunities for research, knowledge and experience sharing. To achieve this vision, the IAWF proposes four actions

IAWF ACTIONS

1. Understand the range of stressors affecting wildland fire practitioners, including the compounding and interacting direct and indirect effects of those stressors on health, wellbeing and ‘connectedness.

2. Foster safety, tolerance and diversity in all its forms, along with open communication about health and wellbeing for wildland fire practitioners across countries, cultures and contexts.

3. Promote a culture of active support for wildland fire practitioners to manage these stressors and build and maintain physical, emotional, cultural and other forms of health and wellbeing.

4. Develop and communicate holistic and nuanced messages about health and wellbeing for wildland fire practitioners; including to policymakers, fire agencies, fire practitioners, and non-government organizations associated with wildland fire, including those in support, communication and service provision roles.

In addition, the IAWF has committed to five key actions the association and its members can implement immediately to increase the awareness of health and wellbeing, including building partnerships, advocating for better practices, and creating safe spaces for conversations and mentoring at IAWF events.

Enhancing the health and wellbeing of wildland fire practitioners will contribute to sustaining a resilient and highly qualified workforce and will benefit communities and cultures.

IAWF Commitments

1. Advocate for better understanding and responses to the full range of stressors influencing health and wellbeing;

2. Create and cultivate safe spaces for conversation, empowerment, connection and mentoring at IAWF-supported events and in IAWF programs;

3. Partner with agencies and other organizations to promote the importance of health and wellbeing;

4. Advocate for improvements in policies, practices, workplace cultures and norms that negatively affect health and wellbeing of the wildland fire community, across the world;

5. Investigate new partnerships to facilitate access to new resources, guidance and support for members of the wildland fire sector and their families, communities and environments.

Read the IAWF position paper Health & Wellbeing in the Wildland Fire Sector.

Richard McCrea
Richard McCrea

Rich McCrea is an Associate Editor of Wildfire magazine. During his career, McCrea worked 32 years in fire management and forestry with several federal agencies. Outfitted with a degree in forestry, McCrea started his career as a seasonal employee with the US Forest Service as a forestry technician and member of the Helena Interagency Hotshot Crew, then moved on to permanent positions with the US Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, as a forester and fire management officer at three different field locations, and at the National Interagency Fire Center.

Mental health risks for wildland firefighters mostly not studied

Prescribed burning tour of the ACT presented by ACT Parks and Conservation Service

By David Bruce

Most research on wildland firefighter health has focused on physical health risks related to things like smoke exposure and injury. Very little research has examined the potential psychological impacts of wildland fire service work, whether that be from large scale disasters or from routine fire seasons.

A review of the mental health risks for wildland firefighters by Canadian researchers identified only 13 relevant studies. In contrast, there are hundreds of studies of mental health risk in structural firefighters.

One of the authors, research associate Nicole White from the University of Northern British Columbia, told Wildfire Today that despite a growing need to support these personnel as fire seasons continue to worsen little study had been done on unique risk factors such as the seasonal nature of employment, the length and intensity of shifts and geographical isolation.

“The research that has been done so far mostly examines the psychological impacts of responding to a wildfire disaster, rather than focusing on wildland firefighters. More than half of the available data comes from structural firefighters and other rescue workers deployed to these events,” she said.

Wildfire, however, is a natural, seasonal occurrence, and few wildfires are disaster-scale events. There are also a number of unique aspects of wildland fire service work that may be important for understanding health risks, both mental and physical.

“We wanted to revisit the work that has been done in wildland firefighters and integrate findings from research with structural firefighters and other groups at high risk of occupational stress injury to provide a bigger picture and directions for future research.

“Our review found that trauma-related symptoms appear to be high in some study samples, but there is not enough research to make a general conclusion about mental health risk, because the work just isn’t there yet.”

The authors noted that mental and physical health were often studied separately when it comes to wildfire exposure.

“But for firefighters, psychological stress can also arise from concerns about the potential long-term physical health impacts of exposure to smoke and other environmental contaminants, or from sustaining chronic physical injury.”

Some mental health symptoms can be hard to distinguish from physical symptoms. For example, shortness of breath can arise from both smoke exposure and anxiety. Similarly, many symptoms of depression and PTSD can overlap with the physical consequences of prolonged sleep deprivation firefighters face when fire conditions are extreme.

“For firefighters, understanding physical health risks and symptoms is part of understanding the psychological impacts of this work.”

…more than half of firefighters surveyed in one study identified events other than fire suppression – for example, road accidents – as the most stressful aspects of their work.

The researchers stress the importance of recognizing that wildland firefighters are highly resilient. They work in extremely demanding physical conditions where quick, critical decisions are needed. They have to be able to adapt to rapidly changing levels of risk, and they’re regularly dealing with intense and dangerous situations that most people never experience.

“That’s a big part of why it’s so hard to use findings from the wealth of research in the general population to understand firefighters’ mental health risks.

“For example, we might expect that frontline exposure to fire events is the most stressful part of the job. However, more than half of firefighters surveyed in one study identified events other than fire suppression – for example, road accidents – as the most stressful aspects of their work.”

 “We urgently need research on the psychological impacts of wildland fire service work that considers the unique nature of the job, and the unique strength and resilience of our wildland firefighters.”

And in a final swing at the Fourth Estate, they note:

“Urgent focus is also needed on the potential psychological impacts of sensationalist media coverage of wildland fire events as fire seasons become more severe.”

Read the full article with links to related mental health research in the International Journal of Wildland Fire, a publication of the International Association of Wildland Fire. 

Several issues important to wildland firefighters discussed during Senate Hearing Thursday

Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. Sept. 29, 2022.

During a hearing today before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee a number of issues important to federal wildland firefighters were discussed. The two witnesses from the agencies were John Crockett, Associate Deputy Chief, State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, and Jeff Rupert, Director of the Office of Wildland Fire for the Department of the Interior.

We don’t have time to get into the details, but here are the points at which some key topics were covered in the video above, which shows the entire hearing:

  • 45:19. Three-day break in service which can result in a firefighter (FF) losing eligibility for FF retirement.
  • 49:50. Forest Service counting the same acres of fuel treatments multiple times.
  • 54:47. FF mental health.
  • 1:00:00. Protecting Giant Sequoias from fire during their 3,000-year life span.
  • 1:06:30. How many firefighting aircraft do the agencies have?
  • 1:22:20. FF pay, and a long term solution.
  • 1:27:50 and again at 1:37:30. A possible new requirement for air tankers to have pressurized cabins.
  • 1:33:45. Why have the agencies not accomplished more acres of fuel treatments?

The Grassroots Wildland Firefighters clipped portions of the hearing, as you’ll see in the short videos below.

Senator Murkowski asks the USFS and DOI about long-term pay for Federal Wildland Firefighters:

Senator Heinrich asks the DOI what they are doing for Firefighter Mental Health:

Forest Service and DOI Respond to Three-Day Break In Service Issue for Wildland Firefighters:

President signs legislation to recognize suicide as a line-of-duty death for first responders

Firefighter on the Cerro Paledo Fire
Firefighter on the Cerro Paledo Fire in New Mexico, May, 2022 by Blake McHugh.

Last week President Biden signed H.R. 6943, the Public Safety Officer Support Act, into law. The legislation expands death and disability benefits under the Public Safety Officers’ Benefits (PSOB) program to include first responders who die by suicide or are disabled by traumatic experiences.

The new law will:

  • Allow public safety officers to seek disability benefits for PTSD linked to severe trauma by directing the PSOB to designate work-related PTSD and acute stress disorders as a line of duty injury for eligible officers as well as those who are permanently disabled as a result of attempted suicide; and
  • Allow families of public safety officers who die by trauma-linked suicide to apply for death benefits by directing the PSOB to presume that suicides are a result of job duties in certain traumatic circumstances where there is evidence that PTSD or acute stress disorder would be the cause of the injury.

The bill states that first responders or their survivors may qualify for benefits if their suicide or post-traumatic stress disorder was related to being exposed to “a harrowing circumstance posing an extraordinary and significant danger or threat to the life of or of serious bodily harm to any individual.” There are other requirements and details which are in the copy of the five-page bill below:

[pdf-embedder url=”https://wildfiretoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/H.R.6943.pdf” title=”H.R. 6943″]

Sometimes they just need a hug

Marshall Fire, Louisville, Colorado, by WxChasing/Brandon Clement
Marshall Fire, Louisville, Colorado. Photo by WxChasing/Brandon Clement, Dec. 31, 2021.

By Pete Baston

When you have been impacted by a disaster of any kind you are frightened, scared, often very angry and the last thing you need is to fill out forms and answer numerous questions from strangers clamoring to HELP you. So why is it that the majority of our disaster assistance and recovery programs at all levels fail to understand that emotional issues can seldom be resolved by analytical processes?

At a hazards mitigation conference I once attended, one subject kept coming up (albeit often in side conversations): how can we do better with natural hazards preparedness and mitigation? At all levels of government and private industry, the fact that billions of dollars are being spent annually often with very little result is becoming a major concern. That the largest risk companies now estimate that the cost of hazards damage is starting to become incalculable is scaring even the wealthiest countries. The big elephant in the room was the fundamental question of whether it is even possible to understand a subject with massive emotional dynamics through analytical means.

Should this be approached in a very different way? Any victim of a disaster in which their world has imploded in 5 minutes is naturally frightened, upset, and scared. To introduce a program of any kind, no matter how well-intentioned, that does not explicitly recognize this adds additional trauma, leading to complex issues lasting for years.Chitimacha many waters

Two of the presenters at the conference made a huge impact: elders from the Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana; and Sallie Clark, a Commissioner for El Paso County, Colorado. Their messages were different, but interconnected. In sum, they both stressed the importance of knowing your community and reacting in both a human and efficient systems way, or as Sallie stated so eloquently “Yes, indeed we need to be efficient in our response to a disaster — but let’s not forget that sometimes they just need a hug.”

The Chitimacha (Sitimaxa, “people of the many waters”) are famous because when the FEMA team got to their reservation three weeks after hurricane Katrina, they had already taken care of most of the damage. Communication in the tribe took place mostly by word of mouth, with CB radio assistance. Within 24 hours after the storm had passed, all 1,100 members of the tribe had been contacted by a tribal council team and all needs, both physical and emotional, were being attended to. Rebuilding had started, and in many cases was complete. A major focus of the tribal council was on emotional support, and this ran consistently throughout everything they were doing.

Sallie Clark, a Commissioner for El Paso County, Colorado
Sallie Clark, a Commissioner for El Paso County, Colorado

Sallie was doing something similar after the 2012 Waldo Canyon fire devastated her Colorado Springs community. That wildfire was one of the most destructive in Colorado history. It took two lives, destroyed 347 homes, forced tens of thousands to evacuate, and insurance claims topped $450M. Sallie’s response: identify everyone impacted, ensure they have a case officer attending their needs both physical and emotional, and simply make sure they have a shoulder to cry on. She personally drove to evacuation shelters and made sure this was being done and gave anyone a hug who needed it. A truly shining example of “WE CARE!”

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This time of the year can be a challenge for wildland firefighters

Six hotshot crews
Six hotshot crews: Los Padres, Horseshoe, Fulton, Springville, Breckenridge & Kern Valley

The holidays at the end of the year can be tough for many people, including wildland firefighters. With that in mind we are re-running this article from a few months ago.


Wildland firefighters on crews that are often deployed on endless 14-day assignments far from home may become acclimated to the high energy adrenaline-fueled environment. They are part of a team working toward the same clear objective, constructing fireline, installing hose lays, or mopping up. The goal is usually very obvious, and when done they can look back and see what they accomplished while part of a group that over months together could complete each other’s sentences. They know what each would do when faced with a pulse-elevating situation, or how they deal with boredom while waiting for a ride back to fire camp.

When the fire season is over, their environment goes through a metamorphose. Almost overnight they may find themselves with their spouse, significant other, children, parents, non-fire friends, or, alone — a completely different situation from the previous six months. Some firefighters adapt more easily than others. Those that don’t, may experience mental health issues and mild or severe depression. Spouses or children of the often-absent firefighter may also show symptoms.

In the last five years we have learned that the suicide rates of wildland firefighters is “astronomical”, according to information developed by Nelda St. Clair of the Bureau of Land Management in 2017. It is high even when compared with structural firefighters, which is also higher than the general population.

As we approach the slower part of the fire year, especially for those who are employed less than full time, if you know someone who seems very depressed, it is OK to ask them if they are thinking about suicide. Some people think this will spur suicide attempts but that is not accurate. Encouraging them to talk could be the first step leading them to safety.

This video encourages that communication. (I’m told that some of the people in the video are YouTubers. It features Hannah Hart, Liza Koshy, Markiplier, Meredith Foster, Orion Carloto, Remi Cruz, Shannon Beveridge, Tyler Oakley, and Tyler Posey.)

Members of the military returning from deployment can also have difficulties readjusting to life back at home. A Department of Defense webpage has information on the subject that appears to be directed toward the spouse. Here is an excerpt.

Depression and Suicide Prevention
Depression can happen to anyone – resulting in long-term feelings that affect an individual’s mood and daily activities. Service members may be facing challenges during reintegration that seem completely overwhelming, but understanding the warning signs for depression and suicide can help you intervene and get the them the help that they need. Signs to be aware of include:

–A range of emotions and changes in personality, including repeated and intense feelings of sadness, anxiety, hopelessness or pessimism
–A loss of interest in life or hobbies and prolonged periods of crying or sleeping
–Substance abuse or withdrawal from friends and family
–Displays of emotional distress in online activity
–Excessive feelings of guilt, shame or a sense of failure
–Physical symptoms like weight loss or weight gain, decreased energy, headaches, digestive issues or back pain
–Talking about dying or seeking information about death.


 

Help is available for those feeling really depressed or suicidal.