Extreme heat in the Northwest brings elevated danger of wildfires

Many areas will experience temperatures above 100 degrees for the next several days

Hot Dry Windy Index weather fire wildfire
Hot Dry Windy Index, central Oregon.

The extreme heat that is gripping the Northwest this week is establishing weather conditions that are favorable for wildfires to spread more rapidly than usual. The Hot Dry Windy Index for Central Oregon on Monday and Tuesday is far above the 95th percentile. Other locations in Oregon and Washington also show the HDWI at high levels this week, generally above the 90th percentile and higher. (We first wrote about the HDWI in 2019.)

Many areas in the Northwest will have high temperatures above 100 degrees for the next several days. Here is an excerpt from an article published Monday at Oregon Public Broadcasting:

Seattle, Portland and other cities broke all-time heat records over the weekend, with temperatures soaring well above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Forecasters said Monday would be worse, with the mercury possibly hitting 110 F in Seattle and 115 F in the Portland area before it begins to cool Tuesday.

In Eugene, the U.S. track and field trials were halted Sunday afternoon and fans were asked to evacuate the stadium due to extreme heat. The National Weather Service said it hit 110 F in Eugene, breaking the all-time record of 108 F. Portland reached 112 F Sunday, breaking the all-time temperature record of 108 F, which was set just a day earlier.

The temperature hit 104 F in Seattle. The weather service said that was an all-time record for the city better known for rain than heat and was the first time the area recorded two consecutive triple digit days since records began being kept in 1894.

The heat wave stretched into British Columbia, with the temperature in Lytton, a village in the Canadian province, reaching 115 F Sunday afternoon, marking a new all-time high recorded in Canada.

Red Flag Warnings June 28, 2021 fire wildfire
Red Flag Warnings June 28, 2021.

Red Flag Warnings are in effect Monday for a number of areas in California, Washington, and Oregon. The Fire Weather Watch areas on the map above for locations in California and Nevada are for thunderstorms and strong outflow winds Tuesday afternoon through late Tuesday night.

So far the extreme heat has not led to large fires in Washington and Oregon. Monday’s Situation Report does not include any that are less than 95 percent contained. However the 1,446-acre Lava Fire near Weed, California, 37 miles south of the Oregon Border, bears watching. Started from lightning on June 25, it will be subject to winds gusting to 26 mph Monday afternoon.

Extreme heat wave predicted for the Southwest

High Temperatures in Southern California
High Temperatures in Southern California Wednesday, June 16

Many areas in the Southwest will have high temperatures next week near record-setting levels. Excessive heat watches and warnings cover portions of Arizona, California, and Nevada.

For Las Vegas the Excessive Heat Warning says “life-threatening temperatures are likely.” The forecast for Phoenix on Monday and Tuesday is for highs of 115° and 116° where the record high for the dates is 115°. The forecast highs for the Southern California deserts next week are 10 to 18 degrees above daily averages.

There is an Excessive Heat Warning for the inland areas of Southern California for Monday through Wednesday, with highs of 103° and 104° on Tuesday and Wednesday at Riverside. It will be breezy there with 11 to 14 mph west winds gusting to 22 mph in the afternoons with the relative humidity around 20 percent.

Monday through Friday of next week the Hot Dry Windy Index (HDWI) will be above the 75th percentile in the Riverside area, peaking on Tuesday above the 95th percentile.

HDWI Riverside, CA
Hot Dry Windy Index, generated for the Riverside, Calif. area, June 12, 2021.

The HDWI in most of Arizona will peak Sunday, June 13, at the 95th percentile level then drop for the rest of the week closer to average.

The Fire Potential Index will be very high in mid-week for portions of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Western Colorado. The FPI is most similar to the Energy Release Component of the National Fire Danger Rating System in that both are moisture related indexes and neither indicates the effect of wind on fire potential.

Fire Potential Index for June 15, 2021
Fire Potential Index for June 15, 2021. USGS.

NIFC’s forecast for wildfire potential this summer

It is influenced by the fact that more than 87% of the West is now categorized in drought.

Drought year to year

The forecast for wildland fire potential issued June 1 by the National Interagency Fire Center for June through September predicts wildfire potential will be higher than normal in the Southwest until the monsoons arrive in July. For the rest of the period, fire potential will be increasing in the Great Basin and the Pacific Coast states. From July through September nearly all of the mountainous areas of California, Oregon, and Washington are in the above normal category.

NIFC has modified their prediction for the Northern Rockies to show higher than normal fire potential in August for Idaho, Montana,  and most of Wyoming.

The entire eastern half of the U.S. is not expected to have any areas with above normal potential through September.

The data from NIFC shown here represents the cumulative forecasts of the ten Geographic Area Predictive Services Units and the National Predictive Services Unit.

Below:

  • An excerpt from the NIFC narrative report for the next several months;
  • NIFC’s monthly graphical outlooks;
  • NOAA’s three-month temperature and precipitation forecasts;
  • Drought Monitor;
  • Keetch-Byram Drought Index.

    “The year-to-date acres burned remains well below the 10-year average and significant fire activity was also limited during May. The absence of critical fire weather patterns in areas with very dry fuels helped limit significant fire activity in May. Fuels remain very dry across large swaths of the Southwest, Great Basin, and California with fuel dryness in much of the West two to four weeks ahead of schedule.

“Drought expanded and intensified over the West, especially in California. More than 87% of the West is now categorized in drought and over half the West in the highest two categories of drought. Snowpack set new record lows in parts of the West, including the Sierra, in May.

“Climate outlooks indicate warmer and drier than normal conditions are likely for much of the High Plains and West through summer continuing and exacerbating drought there. Near normal timing and precipitation is likely with the Southwest Monsoon in July, which should help alleviate drought conditions and significant fire activity, at least temporarily.

“Southern Area is likely to have near normal fire potential through the summer with below normal potential across the southern Plains in June. Near normal significant fire potential is also likely for Eastern Area and Alaska through the summer, although elevated periods of activity are possible during short-term drying episodes.

“The Southwest is forecast to have above normal significant fire potential through June before the Southwest Monsoon arrives.

“Above normal significant fire potential will expand northward into the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain Geographic Areas through August with areas closer to the monsoon likely returning to near normal significant fire potential in July and August.

“Central Oregon into southeast Washington is likely to have above normal significant fire potential beginning in June with portions of the Coast Ranges, Sierra, and Cascades in California increasing to above normal in June and July and continuing through September.

“West of the Continental Divide in the Northern Rockies is expected to have above normal significant fire potential in July before spreading across the entire geographic area during August, then likely returning to normal in September.

“Leeside locations of Hawaii are likely to have above normal significant fire potential into September due to heavier fuel loading and forecast warm and dry conditions.”


Wildfire potential Wildfire potential Wildfire potential Wildfire potential

Continue reading “NIFC’s forecast for wildfire potential this summer”

Drought has killed junipers in Arizona and blue oaks in the San Francisco Bay Area

Soil moisture is very low across much of the West and Upper Midwest

Soil Moisture, May 24, 2021
Soil Moisture, May 24, 2021. NOAA.
Drought Monitor, May 18, 2021
Drought Monitor, May 18, 2021. NOAA.

In some areas of the Western states the 20-year long drought has reduced moisture content in plants to the lowest levels scientists have seen. Soil moisture is very low — at or near record lows across much of California. Particularly hard hit are locations in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

Junipers are dying in Arizona from a lack of water. The East Bay Times reports that drought is likely responsible for dead or dying acacia, eucalyptus, and Monterey pines in East Bay Regional Parks near San Francisco.

From the an Associated Press article by Seth Borenstein:

In Arizona, junipers are succumbing to the 20-year drought and its two-year intensification, said Joel McMillin, a forest health zone leader for the U.S. Forest Service there. Officials haven’t done a precise count but anecdotally the die-off is 5% to 30% with some patches up to 60%.

Until the dead needles drop to the ground, which takes a year or so, the fire hazard increases, fire manager Steinhardt said. “So you have something that’s highly flammable and it’s … 20-, 30-, 40-foot tall and every single one of those needles on there now becomes an ember that can be launched.”

“This is probably one of the driest and potentially most challenging situations I’ve been in,” said the veteran of 32 fire seasons.

In California, normally drought-tolerant blue oaks are dying around the San Francisco Bay Area, said Scott Stephens, a fire science professor at the University of California, Berkeley. “They don’t have access to water. Soil moisture is so low. When you start to see blue oak dying, that gets your attention.”

Human-caused climate change and decades of fire suppression that increases fuel loads are aggravating fire conditions across the West, scientists said.

Global warming has contributed to the megadrought and is making plants more prone to burning.

Vegetation with a low moisture content is easier to ignite in a wildfire and contributes to a rapid rate rate of spread that is more difficult for firefighters to suppress. Dead or dying trees that still have leaves attached during the first year or so after their decline can also enhance the spread and intensity of a fire and adds to the number of burning embers lofted into the air that can ignite spot fires ahead of the blaze, putting structures at risk that are distant from the fire.

Extremely dry soil and vegetation in May does not guarantee a busier than average summer fire season in the West — the weather in the coming months is the primary factor. If it turns relatively cool and wet, the number of acres burned is not likely to be extreme. But if the drought continues into June, July, and August, normal weather, or especially warmer and drier than normal weather, could produce a busier than average Western fire season.

Precip & Temp outlook for May 1-7, 2021
Precip & Temp outlook for May 1-7, 2021. Made May 24, 2021.
Precip & Temp outlook for June, July, & August
Precip & Temp outlook for June, July, & August, 2021. Made May 20, 2021.

New climate data shows summers in the Western states are warming

The number of acres burned in US wildfires in 2020 (not counting Alaska) was the highest ever recorded since reliable statistics have been available beginning in 1960

Annual Temperature & Precipitation change last 30 years

New climate data analyzed by NOAA shows that during July when the fire season in the West is typically nearing its maximum, the temperatures in the 11 Western states have been rising in recent years. The data from the last 10 years also indicates the amount of precipitation in the Northwest has decreased significantly.

Every 10 years NOAA recalculates the U.S. Climate Normals for the previous 30-year period. Normals act both as a ruler to compare today’s weather and tomorrow’s forecast, and as a predictor of conditions in the near future. They consist of annual/seasonal, monthly, daily, and hourly averages and statistics of temperature, precipitation, and other climatological variables from almost 15,000 U.S. weather stations.

The new annual mean data for 1991 through 2020 shows that most of the U.S. was warmer, and the eastern two-thirds of the contiguous U.S. was wetter, from 1991–2020 than the previous normals period, 1981–2010. The Southwest was considerably drier on an annual basis, while the central northern U.S. has cooled somewhat.

The weather in July has a direct effect on the number of acres burned in Western wildfires. The new data shows the Northwest is considerably drier as a percentage of the previous normal during what is already a dry season.

July maximum temperature change

July precipitation change

The rest of the West is pockmarked with wetter and drier zones. The eastern two-thirds of the U.S. has an indistinct pattern of changes in the precipitation normals. Most of the East also remained near the same temperature levels, except for persistent cooling in the north central U.S. and warming in the Northeast. However, the entire West and lee of the Rocky Mountains and Texas are all considerably (up to 2°) warmer.

Total Wildfire Acres burned 1985-2020

This warming and drying trend in the West shows up in wildfire activity. The number of acres burned in the U.S. in 2020 —  9,941,167 (not counting Alaska) — was the highest ever recorded since reliable statistics have been available beginning in 1960.

Average size of US wildfires by decade

The average fire size by decade is striking, increasing by about 400 percent from the 1980s to the 2010s. Some of that increase could be from the tendency of the U.S. Forest Service and other federal agencies to allow some fires to spread without an aggressive full suppression strategy, allowing an unplanned wildfire to accomplish fuel reduction targets and other objectives. They can do this by using virtually unlimited fire suppression funds and without having to bother with pesky steps like conventional project funding, planning documents, approvals, public input, and environmental compliance required by the National Environmental Policy Act.

Progression of the drought during a 35-day period

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Drought worsens in California

Drought Monitor, May 4, 2021
Drought Monitor, May 4, 2021. NOAA.

A Drought Monitor update:  During the 5-week period between March 31 and May 4, the “Extreme Drought” areas grew in California, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, and North Dakota.

Drought Monitor, created March 31, 2021
Drought Monitor, March 31, 2021. NOAA.

Below are the temperature and precipitation outlooks for May, 2021.

Temperature and precipitation outlook for May
Temperature and precipitation outlooks for May, created April 30, 2021.